Sycophancy in GPT-4o: What Happened and What We're Doing
OpenAI (2025)
OpenAI Blog
2025
Official OpenAI postmortem on the sycophancy incident.
Inside OpenAI's Decision to Kill the AI Model That People Loved Too Much
Wall Street Journal (2026)
The Wall Street Journal
2026
ChatGPT’s 4o model was beloved by many users, but controversial for its sycophancy and real-world harms linked to some conversations
Expanding on What We Missed with Sycophancy
OpenAI (2025)
OpenAI Blog
2025
OpenAI's deeper analysis of what went wrong.
Update That Made ChatGPT 'Dangerously' Sycophantic Pulled
BBC News (2025)
BBC
2025
BBC coverage of the rollback decision.
OpenAI Explains Why ChatGPT Became Too Sycophantic
TechCrunch (2025)
TechCrunch
2025
Technical explanation of the sycophancy causes.
OpenAI Pledges to Make Changes to Prevent Future ChatGPT Sycophancy
TechCrunch (2025)
TechCrunch
2025
OpenAI's commitments to prevent recurrence.
OpenAI Pulls 'Annoying' and 'Sycophantic' ChatGPT Version
CNN (2025)
CNN
2025
CNN coverage of the ChatGPT rollback.
OpenAI Rolled Back a ChatGPT Update That Made the Bot Excessively Flattering
NBC News (2025)
NBC News
2025
NBC coverage of the sycophancy incident.
OpenAI Says It's Identified Why ChatGPT Became a Groveling Sycophant
Futurism (2025)
Futurism
2025
Analysis of OpenAI's explanation.
OpenAI Rolls Back ChatGPT 4o for Being Too 'Sycophant-y'
Mashable (2025)
Mashable
2025
Mashable's take on the rollback.
Sycophancy in GPT-4o (the ChatGPT version)
OpenAI Community (2025)
OpenAI Community Forum
2025
Community discussion of the official postmortem.
Current Positivity Bias and Forced Engagement Risk Repeating the Sycophantic ChatGPT Mistake
OpenAI Community (2025)
OpenAI Community Forum
2025
User concerns about ongoing engagement patterns.
Update That Made ChatGPT 'Dangerously' Sycophantic Pulled
Tsipursky, Gleb (2025)
LinkedIn
2025
Expert analysis on LinkedIn.
Is ChatGPT Actually Fixed Now?
Adler, Steven (2025)
Substack
2025
Independent assessment of ChatGPT post-fix.
Did GPT-5 Fix the AI Sycophancy Problem in ChatGPT?
Arsturn (2025)
Arsturn Blog
2025
Analysis of whether sycophancy was actually fixed.
Expanding on What We Missed with Sycophancy — OpenAI
Reddit r/OpenAI (2025)
Reddit
2025
Community reactions to OpenAI's expanded explanation.
OpenAI Delivers Postmortem on GPT-4o's Sycophancy
Constellation Research (2025)
Constellation Research
2025
Industry analyst perspective on the incident.
AI Sycophancy And Therapeutic Weaknesses Persist In ChatGPT Despite OpenAI's Latest Attempts
Eliot, Lance (2025)
Forbes
2025
Forbes analysis of persistent sycophancy issues.
A Comparison of ChatGPT/GPT-4o's Previous and Current System Prompts
Willison, Simon (2025)
Simon Willison's Blog
2025
Technical comparison of system prompt changes.
Sometimes ChatGPT Sticks to the Same Topic Despite Me...
Reddit r/ChatGPT (2025)
Reddit
2025
User experience with engagement loops.
Red Teaming LLMs and Adversarial Prompts
Kili Technology (2024)
Kili Technology
2024
Comprehensive guide to adversarial testing of language models.
Red Teaming LLMs: Step-by-Step Guide to Securing AI Systems
Deepchecks (2024)
Deepchecks
2024
Practical methodology for identifying LLM vulnerabilities.
Red-Teaming LLMs: Techniques and Mitigation Strategies
Mindgard (2024)
Mindgard AI
2024
Attack vectors and defense strategies for language models.
Red Team Documentation
Promptfoo (2024)
Promptfoo
2024
Open-source tool documentation for LLM security testing.
What Are AI Hallucinations?
Google Cloud (2024)
Google Cloud
2024
Google's official explanation of hallucination phenomena.
Generative AI Hallucinations
University of Illinois Library (2024)
University of Illinois
2024
Academic library guide on AI-generated misinformation.
What Are AI Hallucinations?
SAS (2024)
SAS Analytics
2024
Enterprise perspective on hallucination risks.
Context Window Limitations of LLMs
Perplexity (2025)
Perplexity AI
2025
Analysis of memory constraints in language models.
AI Quick Reference: Handling Context Window Limitations in Semantic Search
Milvus (2024)
Milvus
2024
Technical solutions for context length constraints.
AI Quick Reference: Failure Modes of Grounding
Milvus (2024)
Milvus
2024
How retrieval failures manifest in AI responses.
Exploring the Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models
Deepchecks (2024)
Deepchecks
2024
Investigation of unexpected capabilities at scale.
Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models
Google Research (2024)
Google Research
2024
Foundational research on emergence in LLMs.
Failure Modes in LLMs
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Systematic categorization of LLM failure patterns.
LLM Analysis Paper
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Recent analysis of language model behavior.
LLM Context Window Limitations
OpenReview (2024)
OpenReview
2024
Peer-reviewed research on context constraints.
Research on LLM Grounding
OSF (2024)
Open Science Framework
2024
Open research on grounding techniques.
LLM-based Agents Suffer from Hallucinations: A Survey
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Comprehensive survey of hallucination in AI agents.
The Maximum Effective Context Window for Real World Applications
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Practical limits of context windows in deployment.
Reasoning Large Language Model Errors Arise from...
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Analysis of error patterns in reasoning LLMs.
Why Language Models Hallucinate
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Theoretical foundations of hallucination.
What Works for 'Lost-in-the-Middle' in LLMs
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Solutions for mid-context attention failures.
Detecting Hallucinations in Authentic LLM-Human Conversations
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Methods for detecting hallucinations in real conversations.
Hallucinate at the Last in Long Response Generation
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Pattern of hallucinations increasing in longer outputs.
Mitigating Hallucination in Large Language Models (LLMs)
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Comprehensive mitigation strategies for hallucinations.
The Ethical Challenges of AI Agents
Tepper School of Business, CMU (2024)
Carnegie Mellon University
2024
Academic analysis of ethical frameworks for AI systems.
Copyrightability of AI Outputs: US Copyright Office Analyzes Human Authorship Requirement
Jones Day (2025)
Jones Day
2025
Legal analysis of human authorship requirements.
U.S. Copyright Office Grants Registration to AI-Generated Artwork
Harvard JSEL (2025)
Harvard Journal of Sports & Entertainment Law
2025
Landmark case analysis for AI-generated works.
Copyright Office Publishes Report
Skadden (2025)
Skadden, Arps
2025
Summary of official copyright guidance on AI.
Copyright and Artificial Intelligence: Series on Copyrightability Guidance
McBrayer Law Firm (2025)
McBrayer PLLC
2025
Detailed breakdown of copyright office AI guidance.
AI and Intellectual Property Rights: Trademark Management in the Age of AI
Dentons (2025)
Dentons
2025
IP strategy for AI-integrated businesses.
Copyright Office Releases Part 2 of Artificial Intelligence Report
U.S. Copyright Office (2025)
U.S. Copyright Office
2025
Official Copyright Office guidance on AI works.
Copyright and Artificial Intelligence
U.S. Copyright Office (2025)
U.S. Copyright Office
2025
Official Copyright Office AI portal and resources.
AI, Art & Copyright: Copyright Office Report & New Registrations
Its Art Law (2025)
Its Art Law
2025
Art law perspective on AI copyright developments.
AI Copyright Law 2025: Latest US & Global Policy Moves
VKTR (2025)
VKTR
2025
Global policy overview on AI copyright.
Teaching AI Ethics: Copyright 2025
Furze, Leon (2025)
Leon Furze
2025
Educational perspective on AI copyright ethics.
LLM Security: Guide to Prompt Injection
Tigera (2024)
Tigera
2024
Comprehensive guide to prompt injection vectors.
Guide to Prompt Injection
Lakera (2024)
Lakera AI
2024
Security-focused analysis of injection techniques.
What Is a Prompt Injection Attack?
Palo Alto Networks (2024)
Palo Alto Networks
2024
Enterprise security perspective on prompt attacks.
LLM01:2025 Prompt Injection - OWASP Gen AI Security Project
OWASP (2025)
OWASP
2025
OWASP official classification of prompt injection risks.
Prompt Injection in AI: Why LLMs Remain Vulnerable in 2025
VerSprite (2025)
VerSprite
2025
Analysis of persistent prompt injection vulnerabilities.
Mitigating Prompt Injection Attacks with a Layered Defense
Google Security Blog (2025)
Google Security Blog
2025
Google's official defense strategies for prompt injection.
OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications 2025: Prompt Injection
Checkpoint (2025)
Checkpoint
2025
Security vendor analysis of OWASP LLM risks.
ELIZA Effect
Wikipedia (2024)
Wikipedia
2024
Overview of the phenomenon of attributing human qualities to AI.
ELIZA Effect
Model Thinkers (2024)
Model Thinkers
2024
Mental model framework for understanding AI anthropomorphism.
ELIZA Effect in Artificial Intelligence
BuiltIn (2024)
BuiltIn
2024
Modern implications of the ELIZA effect.
Beyond Accuracy: The Surprising Importance of AI Personality
My AI Front Desk (2024)
My AI Front Desk
2024
How AI personality affects user perception.
The ELIZA Effect
Arcus LGBT (2024)
Arcus LGBT
2024
Community perspective on AI emotional projection.
AI Perception: It's Personal, Not Just Technical
Frontiers in Psychology (2024)
Frontiers in Psychology
2024
Peer-reviewed study on personal factors in AI perception.
Romance Without Risk: The Allure of AI Relationships
Psychology Today (2025)
Psychology Today
2025
Psychological analysis of AI romantic attachments.
AI Perception Isn't Just Technical, It's Personal
Nuance Behavior (2024)
Nuance Behavior
2024
Behavioral science view on AI interaction.
The Addictive Nature of Generative AI
Bgadoci (2024)
Bgadoci Research
2024
Research on engagement loops and AI addiction patterns.
Impact of Generative AI: Journal of Informatics and Data Science
Enpress Publisher (2024)
Journal of Informatics and Data Science
2024
Academic journal on generative AI societal impact.
AI Chatbots and Companions: Risks to Children and Young People
eSafety Commissioner (2024)
Australian eSafety Commissioner
2024
Government analysis of AI companion risks to minors.
Biased AI Systems: Case Studies
Fiveable Library (2024)
Fiveable
2024
Educational case studies on AI bias manifestations.
Algorithmic Justice or Bias? Legal Implications of Predictive Policing Algorithms
JHU LR (2025)
Johns Hopkins University Law Review
2025
Legal analysis of algorithmic bias in criminal justice.
Study of AI Hallucinations in Practical Use Cases
IJRPR (2024)
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews
2024
Empirical study of hallucinations in real-world applications.
STS Research Paper: Ethical AI
University of Virginia (2024)
University of Virginia Library
2024
Science, Technology, and Society research on AI ethics.
Research on AI Hallucinations
University of Hawaii (2024)
University of Hawaii ScholarSpace
2024
Academic research on hallucination mechanisms.
Digital Commons: AI Social Impact
University of Maine (2024)
University of Maine Digital Commons
2024
Social science perspective on AI impact.
Social Media, Disinformation, and AI in 2024 Political Campaigns
SAIS Review, Johns Hopkins (2024)
SAIS Review of International Affairs
2024
Analysis of AI in political disinformation campaigns.
Origin of Public Concerns Over AI Supercharging Misinformation in the 2024 U.S. Presidential Election
Harvard Kennedy School (2024)
Harvard Misinformation Review
2024
Harvard analysis of AI misinformation concerns.
Confessions of AI Brain
Fersman, Elena (2023)
Amazon/Springer
2023
Book exploring AI cognition and behavior.
How Conversational AI Has Improved Customer Retention
NovelVox (2024)
NovelVox
2024
Business case for AI engagement optimization.
AI Audit & Dark Pattern Detection
Secure Privacy (2024)
Secure Privacy
2024
Tools for detecting manipulative AI design patterns.
Anthropomorphism and Attribution of Mind to AI
PhilArchive (2024)
PhilArchive
2024
Philosophical analysis of consciousness projection onto AI.
Conversation Design: Best Practices
Conversation Design Institute (2024)
Conversation Design Institute
2024
Industry standards for conversational AI design.
Designing Conversational AI: Key Principles and Best Practices
Infosys (2024)
Infosys
2024
Enterprise guide to conversational AI implementation.
Emergent Social Conventions and Collective Bias in LLM Agents
Science (2025)
Science Advances
2025
Research on spontaneous social behavior in AI agents.
How Does AI Addiction Affect Mental Health?
Canadian Centre for Addictions (2025)
Canadian Centre for Addictions
2025
Clinical perspective on AI addiction and mental health.
What Research Says About AI Chatbots and Addiction
Tech Policy Press (2025)
Tech Policy Press
2025
Policy analysis of AI addiction research.
AI Evaluates Texts Without Bias – Until Source Is Revealed
University of Zurich (2025)
University of Zurich News
2025
Research on source-dependent AI bias.
Groups of AI Agents Spontaneously Form Their Own Social Conventions
EurekAlert (2025)
EurekAlert
2025
News release on emergent AI social behavior.
AI Addiction: Signs, Effects, and Who Is At Risk?
Addiction Center (2025)
Addiction Center
2025
Clinical guide to AI addiction symptoms and risks.
How AI Is Reshaping Human Psychology, Identity and Culture
Psychology Today (2025)
Psychology Today
2025
Psychological analysis of AI's cultural impact.
Techno-emotional Projection in Human–GenAI Relationships
Frontiers in Psychology (2025)
Frontiers in Psychology
2025
Peer-reviewed study on emotional projection onto AI.
Investigating Bias in LLM-Based Bias Detection: Disparities...
ACL Anthology (2025)
COLING 2025
2025
Research on bias in AI bias detection systems.
From Phishing to Bias: Study Maps the Hidden Threats Behind Large Language Models
Newswise (2025)
Newswise
2025
Overview of LLM threat landscape research.
Red Teaming Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey
PNAS Nexus (2024)
PNAS Nexus
2024
Comprehensive academic survey of red teaming methodologies.
Failure Modes and Safety in AI Language Models
PNAS Nexus (2023)
PNAS Nexus
2023
Systematic analysis of LLM safety failure patterns.
Active Attacks: Red-teaming LLMs via Adaptive Environments
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Novel adaptive attack methodology for LLM testing.
SafeSearch: Automated Red-Teaming for the Safety of LLM Applications
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Automated safety testing framework for LLMs.
SIRAJ: Diverse and Efficient Red-Teaming for LLM Agents
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Diverse red teaming approaches for AI agents.
Abusing MCP for LLM-Powered Agentic Red Teaming
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Research on using MCP for adversarial testing.
Red Teaming AI Red Teaming
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Meta-analysis of red teaming methodologies.
Automatic LLM Red Teaming
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Automated approaches to LLM adversarial testing.
Evolving Attack Strategies for LLM Web Agent Red-Teaming
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Attack evolution strategies for web-based AI agents.
Reliable Weak-to-Strong Monitoring of LLM Agents
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Monitoring frameworks for AI agent behavior.
Automatic Red Teaming LLM-based Agents with Model Checking
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Formal verification approaches for LLM agents.
Automated Red-Teaming of Text-to-Image Models via LLM
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Using LLMs to red team image generation models.
Unstable Safety Mechanisms in Long-Context LLM Agents
arXiv (2025)
arXiv preprint
2025
Safety degradation in extended context scenarios.
Can Centaur truly simulate human cognition? The fundamental limitation of instruction understanding
Liu, W., Ding, N. (2025)
National Science Open
2025
Centaur (human-AI hybrid) fails true cognition sim due instruction limits; echoes LLM stats ≠ understanding [file:1]
